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Course 12: Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences |
 | | | 12.00-12.439 plus UROP, IND, TIP, THU | | | 12.44-12.599 plus THG | | | 12.600-12.999 | | |  |
Undergraduate SubjectsCore and General Science Subjects12.00 Frontiers and Careers in Earth, Planets, Climate, and Life
 ( )Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: None Units: 2-0-0 [P/D/F] 
Provides a broad overview of topics, technologies, and career paths at the forefront of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences. Introduces the complex interplay between physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and computational methods used to study processes associated with a changing Earth and climate, distant planets, and life. Sessions guided by faculty members discussing current research problems, and by EAPS alumni describing how their careers have evolved. Subject can count toward the 6-unit discovery-focused credit limit for first year students. Staff 12.000 Solving Complex Problems
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Prereq: None Units: 1-2-6  Lecture: TR2.30,F3 (55-109)
Provides an opportunity for entering freshmen to gain firsthand experience in integrating the work of small teams to develop effective solutions to complex problems in Earth system science and engineering. Each year's class explores a different problem in detail through the study of complementary case histories and the development of creative solution strategies. Includes exercises in website development, written and oral communication, and team building. Subject required for students in the Terrascope freshman program, but participation in Terrascope is not required of all 12.000 students. Students who pass 12.000 are eligible to participate in the Terrascope field trip the following spring. Limited to freshmen. A. Epstein, E. Chambers No textbook information available 12.001 Introduction to Geology
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Prereq: None Units: 3-4-5 Lecture: MWF1 (54-819) Lab: MWF2 (54-819)
Major minerals and rock types, rock-forming processes, and time scales. Temperatures, pressures, compositions, structure of the Earth, and measurement techniques. Geologic structures and relationships observable in the field. Sediment movement and landform development by moving water, wind, and ice. Crustal processes and planetary evolution in terms of global plate tectonics with an emphasis on ductile and brittle processes. Includes laboratory exercises on minerals, rocks, mapping, plate tectonics, rheology, glaciers. Two one-day field trips (optional). T. Bosak, L. Nelson No textbook information available 12.002 Introduction to Geophysics and Planetary Science
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Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics II (GIR) Units: 3-1-8
Study of the structure, composition, and physical processes governing the terrestrial planets, including their formation and basic orbital properties. Topics include plate tectonics, earthquakes, seismic waves, rheology, impact cratering, gravity and magnetic fields, heat flux, thermal structure, mantle convection, deep interiors, planetary magnetism, and core dynamics. Suitable for majors and non-majors seeking general background in geophysics and planetary structure. C. Cattania, W. Frank 12.003 Introduction to Atmosphere, Ocean, and Climate Dynamics
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Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Units: 3-0-9
Introduces the dynamical processes that govern the atmosphere, oceans, and climate. Topics include Earth's radiation budget, convection and clouds, the circulation of the atmosphere and ocean, and climate change. Illustrates underlying mechanisms through laboratory demonstrations with a rotating table, and through analysis of atmospheric and oceanic data. W. Kang, J. de Wit 12.004 Introduction to the Global Carbon Cycle
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Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) Units: 4-0-8 Lecture: TR10-11.30 (54-819)
Introduction to the chemical and biological mechanisms controlling Earth's global carbon and related elemental cycles across atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial systems. Fundamental principles of redox, equilibria, and acid/base reactions are explored via their links in the Earth system and with respect to climate feedbacks and ecosystem dynamics, providing perspectives for climate interventions and the future of our planet. Students create individual "toy" global carbon cycle models to investigate how natural and anthropogenic perturbations to the carbon cycle modify Earth's climate. A. Babbin, M. Follows No textbook information available 12.006[J] Nonlinear Dynamics: Chaos
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(Same subject as 2.050[J], 18.353[J]) Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and (18.03 or 18.032) Units: 3-0-9 Lecture: TR11-12.30 (2-361) +final
Introduction to nonlinear dynamics and chaos in dissipative systems. Forced and parametric oscillators. Phase space. Periodic, quasiperiodic, and aperiodic flows. Sensitivity to initial conditions and strange attractors. Lorenz attractor. Period doubling, intermittency, and quasiperiodicity. Scaling and universality. Analysis of experimental data: Fourier transforms, Poincare sections, fractal dimension, and Lyapunov exponents. Applications to mechanical systems, fluid dynamics, physics, geophysics, and chemistry. See 12.207J/18.354J for Nonlinear Dynamics: Continuum Systems. D. Rothman No textbook information available 12.009[J] Nonlinear Dynamics: The Natural Environment
()Not offered regularly; consult department (Same subject as 18.352[J]) Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR); Coreq: 18.03 Units: 3-0-9
Analyzes cooperative processes that shape the natural environment, now and in the geologic past. Emphasizes the development of theoretical models that relate the physical and biological worlds, the comparison of theory to observational data, and associated mathematical methods. Topics include carbon cycle dynamics; ecosystem structure, stability and complexity; mass extinctions; biosphere-geosphere coevolution; and climate change. Employs techniques such as stability analysis; scaling; null model construction; time series and network analysis. D. H. Rothman 12.010 Computational Methods of Scientific Programming
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Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Units: 4-0-8 Lecture: TR2-3.30 (54-517)
Introductory subject exposes students to modern programming methods and techniques used in practice by physical scientists today. Emphasis on code design, algorithm development/verification, and comparative advantages/disadvantages of different languages (including Python, Julia and C/C++) and tools (including Jupyter, machine-learning from data or models, cloud and high-performance computing workflows). Students are introduced to and work with common programming tools, types of problems, and techniques for solving a variety of data analytic and equation modeling scenarios from real research: examination visualization techniques; basic numerical analysis; methods of dissemination and verification; practices for reproducible work, version control, documentation, and sharing/publication. No prior programming experience is required. T. Herring, C. Hill No textbook information available 12.011[J] Archaeological Science
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(Same subject as 3.985[J], 5.24[J]) Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) or Physics I (GIR) Units: 3-1-5
Pressing issues in archaeology as an anthropological science. Stresses the natural science and engineering methods archaeologists use to address these issues. Reconstructing time, space, and human ecologies provides one focus; materials technologies that transform natural materials to material culture provide another. Topics include 14C dating, ice core and palynological analysis, GIS and other remote sensing techniques for site location, organic residue analysis, comparisons between Old World and New World bronze production, invention of rubber by Mesoamerican societies, analysis and conservation of Dead Sea Scrolls. J. Meanwell 12.012 MatLab, Statistics, Regression, Signal Processing
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(Subject meets with 12.444) Prereq: None. Coreq: 18.06 Units: 3-0-9 Lecture: TR11-12.30 (54-517)
Introduces the basic tools needed for data analysis and interpretation in the Geosciences, as well as other sciences. Composed of four modules, targeted at introducing students to the basic concepts and applications in each module. MatLab: Principles and practice in its uses, script and function modules, basic approaches to solving problems. Statistics: Correlation, means, dispersion, precision, accuracy, distributions, central limit theorem, skewness, probability, Chi-Square, Gaussian and other common distributions used in hypothesis testing. Regression: Random and grid search methods, basic least squares and algorithms applicable to regression, inversion and parameter estimation. Signal Processing: Analog and digital signals, Z-transform, Fourier series, fast Fourier transforms, spectral analysis leakage and bias, digital filtering. Students taking the graduate version complete different assignments. T. Herring, S. Ravela No textbook information available 12.013 Planetary Explorations
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Prereq: None Units: 3-0-9
Introductory survey of the Solar System based on discoveries from seven decades of space exploration. Focuses on fundamental concepts rather than detailed mathematical or physical models. Topics include: Solar System overview, orbits and ring systems, planetary formation, surface evolution, small bodies and impacts, deep interiors, atmospheres, and the search for habitable environments. Students engage with mission data and scientific analysis, culminating in the design and presentation of hypothesis-driven planetary exploration proposals. None. G. Stucky de Quay, J. Soderblom 12.021 Earth Science, Energy, and the Environment
()Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: Calculus I (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), and Physics I (GIR) Units: 3-1-8
Provides understanding of the Earth System most relevant to production of our planet's natural energy resources, including the physics, chemistry, and biology of conventional and alternative energy sources. Includes a broad overview of traditional and alternative energy sources: hydrocarbons (conventional and unconventional), nuclear, geothermal, hydroelectric, and wind and tides, along with their potentials and limitations. Develops detailed knowledge of the formation, concentration, and production of fossil and nuclear fuels, as well as the waste products associated with their consumption. An examination of conventional and alternative energy sources includes the environmental issues associated with the exploitation of these resources, both regional and global. B. Hager 12.031[J] Fundamentals of Ecology
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(Same subject as 1.018[J], 7.30[J]) Prereq: None Units: 4-0-8 Lecture: MW10.30-12 (48-316) Recitation: M3 (48-316) or F11 (48-316) +final
Fundamentals of ecology, considering Earth as an integrated dynamic living system. Coevolution of the biosphere and geosphere, biogeochemical cycles, metabolic diversity, primary productivity, competition and the niche, trophic dynamics and food webs, population growth and limiting factors. Population modeling, global carbon cycle, climate change, geoengineering, theories of resource competition and mutualism, allometric scaling, ecological genomics, niche theory, human population growth. Applied ecology. D. McRose, C. Terrer No textbook information available 12.080 Experiential Learning in EAPS
(,  , ,  )  Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: None Units arranged [P/D/F]
For Course 12 students participating in off-campus professional experiences related to their course of study. Before registering for this subject, students must have an offer from a company or organization, must identify an EAPS advisor, and must receive prior approval from their advisor. Upon completion of the experience, student must submit a letter from the company or organization describing what the student accomplished, along with a substantive final report from the student approved by the EAPS advisor. Consult departmental academic office. EAPS Faculty 12.086 Modeling Environmental Complexity
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(Subject meets with 12.586) Prereq: 18.03 Units: 3-0-9
Introduction to mathematical and physical models of environmental processes. Emphasis on the development of macroscopic continuum or statistical descriptions of complex microscopic dynamics. Problems of interest include: random walks and statistical geometry of landscapes; percolation theory and transport in disordered media; fractals, scaling, and universality; ecological dynamics and the structure of ecosystems, food webs, and other natural networks; kinetics of biogeochemical cycles. Appropriate for advanced undergraduates. Beginning graduate students are encouraged to register for 12.586. Students taking the graduate version complete different assignments. D. H. Rothman 12.090 Current Topics in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
(, ) Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: Permission of instructor Units arranged
Lecture, laboratory, or field work in earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences. Consult with department Education Office. Fall: T. Cronin Spring: D. Rothman 12.091 Current Topics in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences
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Prereq: Permission of instructor Units arranged [P/D/F]
Lecture, laboratory, or field work in earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences. Consult with department Education Office. C. Hill, L. Milechin, J. Mullen 12.092 Current Topics in Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences
(, , ) Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: None Units arranged
Lecture, laboratory, or field work in earth, atmospheric, and planetary science. Consult with department Education Office. Staff 12.C25[J] Real World Computation with Julia
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(Same subject as 1.C25[J], 6.C25[J], 16.C25[J], 18.C25[J], 22.C25[J]) Prereq: 6.100A, 18.03, and 18.06 Units: 3-0-9 Lecture: MW2.30-4 (45-102)
Focuses on algorithms and techniques for writing and using modern technical software in a job, lab, or research group environment that may consist of interdisciplinary teams, where performance may be critical, and where the software needs to be flexible and adaptable. Topics include automatic differentiation, matrix calculus, scientific machine learning, parallel and GPU computing, and performance optimization with introductory applications to climate science, economics, agent-based modeling, and other areas. Labs and projects focus on performant, readable, composable algorithms, and software. Programming will be in Julia. Expects students to have some familiarity with Python, Matlab, or R. No Julia experience necessary. A. Edelman, R. Ferrari, B. Forget, C. Leiseron,Y. Marzouk, J. Williams No textbook information available Geology and Geochemistry12.100 Plate Tectonics and Climate
()Not offered regularly; consult department (Subject meets with 12.475) Prereq: 12.001 or permission of instructor Units: 3-0-6
Explores plate tectonics and the fundamental relationship between tectonic systems and global climate. Provides an in-depth study of plate tectonics, encompassing sea floor spreading, continental rifting, mountain and basin formation, and subduction. Examines the profound effects of tectonic activity on global climate, emphasizing the critical links between solid earth processes and long-term climate change and offering a holistic view of our planet's intricate systems. Regional case studies present examples of the complex interconnections along Earth's long history. An optional weekend field trip brings concepts encountered in class into tangible, real-world context. Expectations differ for students taking graduate version. O. Jagoutz, L. H. Royden, K. Bergmann 12.104 Geochemistry of Natural Waters
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(Subject meets with 12.494) Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) Units: 3-2-7
Equips students with the fundamental skills to identify major controls on the chemistry of waters on the Earth. Students examine key concepts, theories and practical tools (e.g., pH, Eh, alkalinity, surface charge, speciation, and carbonate equilibrium) and apply them as tools to understand and make predictions for the biogeochemical cycles of the Earth systems. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. S. Ono 12.107 Geobiology: History of Life on Earth
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(Subject meets with 12.317) Prereq: 12.001, 12.002, 12.003, 12.004, or permission of instructor Units: 3-0-9
Introduces the processes by which biological and geological systems interact across Earth history, and the interpretation of the geochemical and paleontological record of these interactions. Surveys Earth history from the perspective of biological evolution, including major transitions in microbial and complex life, and corresponding ecological, environmental, and planetary changes. Topics include the early history of Earth and its ocean and atmosphere; biogeochemical cycles and microbial metabolisms; organismal evolutionary processes and the fossil record; the organic and inorganic biogeochemical record; snowball Earths and glacial periods; the history of climate changes, major mass extinctions and biodiversity. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. G. Fournier 12.108 Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks
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Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) Units: 3-4-5
Provides an integrated survey of rocks and rock-forming minerals. Introduces the fundamentals of crystal structure and mineral chemistry and explore mineral and rock formation mechanisms across Earth and planetary surfaces and interiors. Links mineral assemblages to the chemical compositions of rocks within the Earth's crust and upper mantle and to specific tectonic environments. Students investigate the chemistry and physics of rock formation mechanisms, crust and mantle melting dynamics, and the geochemical and mineralogical signatures of igneous rocks and metamorphic processes. Laboratory component includes both specimen-level work and petrography. N. Nie 12.110A Sedimentary Environments
()  ; first half of term
(Subject meets with 12.465A) Prereq: 12.001 or 12.11 Units: 2-1-3
Covers the basic concepts of sedimentation from the properties of individual grains to large-scale basin analysis. Lectures cover sediment textures and composition, fluid flow and sediment transport, and formation of sedimentary structures. Depositional models, for both modern and ancient environments are a major component and are studied in detail with an eye toward interpretation of depositional processes and reconstructing paleoenvironments from the rock record. Satisfies 6 units of Institute Laboratory credit. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. L. Nelson 12.110B Sedimentology in the Field
() ; second half of term
(Subject meets with 12.465B) Prereq: 12.110A Units: 2-2-5
Examines the fundamentals of sedimentary deposits and geological reasoning through first hand fieldwork. Students practice methods of modern geological field study off-campus during a required trip over spring break making field observations, measuring stratigraphic sections and making a sedimentological map. Relevant topics introduced are map and figure making in ArcGIS and Adobe Illustrator and sedimentary petrology. Culminates in an oral and written report built around data gathered in the field. Field sites and intervals of geologic time studied rotate annually and include Precambrian, Phanerozoic and Modern depositional environments. Satisfies 6 units of Institute Laboratory credit. May be taken multiple times for credit. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. L. Nelson 12.113 Structural Geology
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Prereq: 12.001 Units: 3-3-6 URL: http://web.mit.edu/12.113/www/
Introduces mechanics of rock deformation. Discusses recognition, interpretation, and mechanics of faults, folds, structural features of igneous and metamorphic rocks, and superposed deformations. Introduces regional structural geology and tectonics. Laboratory includes techniques of structural analysis, recognition and interpretation of structures on geologic maps, and construction of interpretive cross sections. M. Pec 12.115 Field Geology
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Prereq: 12.113 or permission of instructor Units: 0-9-0
Introduction to the methods of modern geological field study off-campus during an intensive two-week experience. Exercises include geological and geomorphological mapping on topographic and photographic base maps of a wide variety of bedrock and surficial rocks. Where feasible, geochemical and geophysical field measurements are corrrelated with geology. Location is usually in the western US. Contact department regarding travel fee and resources for funding opportunities. Meets with 12.482 when offered concurrently. Satisfies 9 units of Institute Laboratory credit. O. Jagoutz, K. Bergmann 12.116 Analysis of Geologic Data
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Prereq: 12.115 Units: 0-2-4
Includes in-depth laboratory analysis of samples, interpretation of geological data, and where possible, geophysical and geochemical data. Includes the preparation of reports based on the field studies conducted in 12.115 during January; report generally exceeds 30 pages in length and includes one major revision and rewrite. Instruction in writing techniques provided. Contact department regarding travel fee and resources for funding opportunities. Satisfies 3 units of Institute Laboratory credit. O. Jagoutz 12.117A Field Geobiology I
(); first half of termNot offered regularly; consult department (Subject meets with 12.487A) Prereq: None. Coreq: 12.001 or 12.007 Units: 2-1-3
Examines basic biological processes that operate in sediments. Lectures cover biological, physical and chemical processes that influence the formation and stabilization of sediments, including biomineralization, weathering, erosion, the formation of sedimentary structures and interactions with sediments, flow, and the cycles of nutrients. Lab covers analytical methods used to examine microbial processes, bioinformatic methods used to analyze microbial communities, and techniques used to analyze sediment grain sizes and chemistry. Readings and discussions provide preparation for the 12.117B field trip to a modern sedimentary environment. Enables students to interpret processes in modern sedimentary environments, reconstruct similar processes in the rock record, collect appropriate samples in the field, and analyze microbiological data. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. T. Bosak 12.117B Field Geobiology II
() ; second half of termNot offered regularly; consult department (Subject meets with 12.487B) Prereq: 12.117A Units: 2-2-5
Teaches fundamentals of field observations and reasoning in geobiology/sedimentology during a required trip to a modern sedimentary environment over spring break, followed by laboratory analyses of collected samples. Students make observations, develop hypotheses, collect samples required to test their hypotheses and interact with lecturers and students investigating the sedimentology of the site. Upon return to MIT, students work on field samples to characterize the sediments, use the preliminary data to develop an understanding of the field site, and write research reports. Students taking graduate version write proposals that present a research question based on the field observations and subsequent analyses. Meets with 12.110B and 12.465B when those subjects examine modern sedimentary environments. T. Bosak 12.119 Harnessing Power from Environmental Microbes and Chemical Gradients
()Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: Biology (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), or 12.007 Units: 2-2-5
Provides practical instruction on how to make living batteries. Lectures cover the basics of marine and freshwater chemistry and biogeochemistry (pH, redox potential, organic loading, free energy for growth, chemical profiles, sampling and measurement methods). Students explore sediment biogeochemistry by analyzing mineral types and grain sizes, setting up microbial enrichment cultures, and sampling and characterizing microbes and environmental chemistry by microscopy, chemical assays of pore fluids, and bioinformatics tools. Subsequent lab activities teach students to develop and use electrochemical tools to build microbial batteries that can power light sources and instruments. Discussion and reading cover real-world applications of microbial fuel cells. T. Bosak, S. Ono 12.12 Nature's Sandbox: The History of Ancient Environments, Climate, and Life
(); second half of term
Prereq: None Units: 1-1-1 [P/D/F]
Series of field adventures to survey Earth's history and landscape through a combination of online and in-person instruction, with virtual field trips to Svalbard, Norway, the Death Valley area and Northern Minnesota. In these key sites, students explore the interactions between Earth's surface environments and life, and critical transitions in each. Includes weekly in-class paper discussions and experiential exercises. Three optional one-day field trips provide opportunity to explore the amazing sedimentary record preserved close to MIT. Subject can count toward the 6-unit discovery-focused credit limit for first year students. K. Bergmann 12.163 Geomorphology
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(Subject meets with 12.463) Prereq: (Calculus I (GIR), Physics I (GIR), and 12.001) or permission of instructor Units: 3-3-6
Quantitative examination of processes that shape Earth's surface. Introduction to fluvial, hillslope, and glacial mechanics. Essentials of weathering, soil formation, runoff, erosion, slope stability, sediment transport, and river morphology. Landscape evolution in response to climatic and tectonic forcing. Application of terrestrial theory to planetary surfaces. Additional instruction in geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing analysis, field measurement techniques, and numerical modeling of surface processes. Students taking the graduate version complete different assignments. T. Perron 12.170 Essentials of Geology
()Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: (Calculus II (GIR) and Physics II (GIR)) or permission of instructor Units: 4-0-8
Studies the geology of planetary interiors and surfaces, including plate tectonics, as a unifying theory of terrestrial geology, surface processes, and the Earth's interior. Covers igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary processes associated with tectonic settings and the typical rock suites created; mineral and rock identification; and causes of compositional differences on many scales (mineral grains, rocks, regions of the Earth, different planets). Also addresses conditions required for melting and melting processes; rock structure and field techniques; and Earth history. Treatment of these topics includes discussions of the geochemical, petrologic, geochronological, experimental, or field techniques used to investigate them; the limitations of current geological techniques and geological controversies; and major geological expeditions, experiments, and studies from the past, along with their premises and results. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Staff 12.177 Astrobiology, Origins and Early Evolution of Life
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(Subject meets with 12.477) Prereq: Biology (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), or permission of instructor Units: 3-0-9
Provides an understanding of major areas of research into the problem of the origin of life on the early Earth from an astrobiological perspective. Topics include the timing, setting and conditions for the origin of life on the Hadean Earth; roles of planetary and extra-planetary processes; defining life; prebiotic chemistry; origins of nucleic acids and peptides; evolution of cellularity, replication, metabolism, and translation; establishment of the genetic code; biogenesis vs. ecogenesis; the nature of the last common ancestor of life; conceptualizing the "tree of life;" and the early evolution of the ancestors of bacteria, archaeal, and eukaryal lineages. Students taking graduate version complete an extra project. G. Fournier 12.178 The Phylogenomic Planetary Record
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(Subject meets with 12.478) Prereq: None Units: 3-0-9 Lecture: TR10.30-12 (54-1623)
Introduces the tools of sequence-based phylogenetic analysis and molecular evolution in the context of studying events in Earth's deep past that have been preserved by genomes. Topics include basic concepts of cladistics, phylogeny and sequence evolution, construction of phylogenetic trees of genes and microbial lineages, molecular clocks, dating, and ancestral sequence reconstruction. Special attention to the evolutionary history of microbial metabolisms and their relationship to global biogeochemical cycles across Earth's history. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. G. Fournier No textbook information available Geophysics12.201 Essentials of Global Geophysics
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(Subject meets with 12.501) Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and 18.03 Units: 4-0-8
Overview of basic topics in solid-earth geophysics, such as the Earth's rotation, gravity and magnetic field, seismology, and thermal structure. Formulation of physical principles presented in three one-hour lectures per week. Current applications discussed in an additional one-hour tutorial each week. Students taking graduate version complete different assignments. R. van der Hilst, B. Weiss 12.202 Flow, Deformation, and Fracture in Earth and Other Terrestrial Bodies
()Not offered regularly; consult department (Subject meets with 12.502) Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Units: 3-2-7
Covers fundamentals of deformation and fracture of solids and the flow of viscous fluids. Explores spatial scales from molecular to planetary, and time scales from fractions of a second to millions of years, to understand how and why natural materials on Earth and other terrestrial bodies respond to applied forces. Fundamental concepts include the principles of continuum mechanics, tensor representation of physical properties, forces, tractions, stresses, strain theory, elasticity, contact problems, fracture and friction, and viscous flow and rheological models (plasticity, viscosity, viscoelasticity, elasto-plasticity). Students gather, analyze and interpret data using existing theoretical models. Includes a significant laboratory component that provides practical experience with experimental measurements and tests students' acquired theoretical knowledge. Students taking graduate version complete different assignments. C. Cattania, M. Pec 12.203 Mechanics of Earth
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(Subject meets with 12.503) Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Units: 3-2-7 Lecture: M11,WF9 (54-819) Lab: M9-11 (54-819)
Covers topics in the deformation and fracture of solids and the flow of viscous fluids. Explores spatial scales from molecular to planetary, and time scales from fractions of a second to millions of years, to understand how and why natural materials on Earth and other terrestrial bodies respond to applied forces. Introduces anelasticity, granular mechanics, poroelasticity, rate-and-state friction, transport properties of Earth materials (Darcy's law, Fick's law), brittle-ductile transitions, creep of polycrystalline materials, stored energy and dissipation, and convection. Prepares students to gather, analyze and interpret data using existing theoretical models. Through a significant laboratory component, students obtain practical experience with experimental measurements and test their acquired theoretical knowledge. Students taking graduate version complete different assignments. C. Cattania, M. Pec No textbook information available 12.207[J] Nonlinear Dynamics: Continuum Systems
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(Same subject as 1.062[J], 18.354[J]) (Subject meets with 18.3541) Prereq: Physics II (GIR) and (18.03 or 18.032) Units: 3-0-9
General mathematical principles of continuum systems. From microscopic to macroscopic descriptions in the form of linear or nonlinear (partial) differential equations. Exact solutions, dimensional analysis, calculus of variations and singular perturbation methods. Stability, waves and pattern formation in continuum systems. Subject matter illustrated using natural fluid and solid systems found, for example, in geophysics and biology. Staff 12.210 Introduction to Seismology
()Not offered regularly; consult department (Subject meets with 12.510) Prereq: 18.075 or 18.085 Units: 3-2-7
A basic study in seismology and the utilization of seismic waves for the study of Earth's interior. Introduces techniques necessary for understanding of elastic wave propagation in stratified media and for calculation of synthetic seismograms (WKBJ and mode summation). Ray theory; interpretation of travel times. (e.g. tomography); surface wave dispersion in layered media; Earth's free oscillations; and seismicity, (earthquake locations, magnitude, moment, and source properties). Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. C. Cattania, W. Frank 12.211 Field Geophysics
(); partial term
(Subject meets with 12.511) Prereq: 12.214 or permission of instructor Units: 1-4-1
Covers practical methods of modern geophysics, including the global positioning system (GPS), gravity, and magnetics. Field work is conducted in western US and includes intensive 10-day field exercise. Focuses on measurement techniques and their interpretation. Introduces the science of gravity, magnetics, and the GPS. Measures crustal structure, fault motions, tectonic deformations, and the local gravity and magnetic fields. Students perform high-precision measurements and participate in data analysis. Emphasizes principles of geophysical data collection and the relevance of these data for tectonic faulting, crustal structure, and the dynamics of the earthquake cycle. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. Staff 12.212 Field Geophysics Analysis
(); first half of term
(Subject meets with 12.512) Prereq: 12.211 Units: 2-0-4
Focuses on in-depth data analysis and development of skills needed to report results both in writing and orally. Students use data collected in 12.211 to develop written and oral reports of the results, with each student focusing on a different area such as developing the geophysical modeling or synthesis of the results into other studies in the area. The final written and oral reports are combined into a comprehensive report and presentation of the field camp and its results. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. W. Frank 12.213 Alternate Energy Sources
() Not offered regularly; consult department Prereq: None Units: 1-4-1 [P/D/F]
Explores a number of alternative energy sources such as geothermal energy (heat from the Earth's interior), wind, natural gas, and solar energy. Includes a field trip to visit sites where alternative energy is being harvested or generated. Content and focus of subject varies from year to year. Staff 12.214 Essentials of Field Geophysics
()
(Subject meets with 12.507) Prereq: Physics II (GIR), 6.100A, and 18.03 Units: 3-3-6 Lecture: TR1.30-3 (54-819)
Introduces students to the practical field application of various geophysical methods to the study of Earth's near-surface. Prepares students to undertake fieldwork that uses these methods. Designed to prepare students to continue their studies in geophysics and data analysis. The methods covered vary and may include: measuring seismic waves, gravity, precise positions (commonly referred to as GPS, but formally known as GNSS), and topography using drones. Lab time devoted to local fieldwork to gain experience with the methods being taught and to prepare for field geophysics. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. C. Cattania, W. Frank No textbook information available 12.225 Mechanisms of Faulting and Earthquakes
()
(Subject meets with 12.525) Prereq: 12.002 and (12.010, 12.012, 18.C25, (6.100A and 6.100B), or permission of instructor) Units: 3-0-9
Explores the fundamental mechanics of faulting and earthquakes from four related perspectives: seismology, geodesy, geodynamics, and rheology. Topics to be covered include: the physical processes that control the rheology of faults, including friction and fracture; how these rheological processes are manifest in faulting and earthquakes in the earth from a geodynamics perspective; and how the mechanics of faulting and earthquakes are constrained by seismological and geodetic observations. Features both continental and oceanic examples of faulting and earthquakes. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. C. Cattania Atmospheres, Oceans, and Climate12.300[J] Global Change Science
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(Same subject as 1.071[J]) (Subject meets with 1.771) Prereq: None Units: 3-0-9
Introduces the basic principles and concepts in atmospheric physics, and climate dynamics, through an examination of: greenhouse gases emissions (mainly CO2), global warming, and regional climate change. Case studies are presented for the regional impacts of climate change on extreme weather, water availability, and disease transmission. Introduction to regional and global environmental problems for students in basic sciences and engineering. Students taking graduate version complete additional assignments. E. Eltahir 12.301 Climate Science
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(Subject meets with 12.842) Prereq: (Calculus II (GIR), Chemistry (GIR), and Physics II (GIR)) or permission of instructor Units: 3-0-9 Lecture: MW1.30-3 (54-911)
Introduction to climate studies, including beginnings of the solar system, time scales, and climate in human history; methods for detecting climate change, including proxies, ice cores, instrumental records, and time series analysis; physical and chemical processes in climate, including primordial atmosphere, ozone chemistry, carbon and oxygen cycles, and heat and water budgets; internal feedback mechanisms, including ice, aerosols, water vapor, clouds, and ocean circulation; climate forcing, including orbital variations, volcanism, plate tectonics, and solar variability; climate models and mechanisms of variability, including energy balance, coupled models, and global ocean and atmosphere models; and outstanding problems. Students taking the graduate version complete different assignments. A. Fiore, P. O'Gorman, D. McGee No textbook information available 12.306 Atmospheric Chemistry Models & Climate
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(Subject meets with 10.571[J], 12.806[J]) Prereq: (18.075 and (5.60 or 5.61)) or permission of instructor Units: 3-0-9
Introduction to the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere including experience with computer codes. Aerosols and theories of their formation, evolution, and removal. Gas and aerosol transport from urban to continental scales. Coupled models of radiation, transport, and chemistry. Solution of inverse problems to deduce emissions and removal rates. Emissions control technology and costs. Applications to air pollution and climate. Students taking graduate version complete different assignments. A. Fiore, R. G. Prinn 12.307 Weather and Climate Laboratory
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Prereq: Calculus II (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Units: 1-4-7
Engages students in projects involving rotating tank laboratory experiments, analysis of data on the sphere, and report writing and presentation. Project themes explore fundamentals of climate science and make contact points with major contemporary environmental challenges facing mankind. Examples include heat and moisture transport in the atmosphere; weather and weather extremes; aerosols, dust, and atmospheric pollution; ocean circulation and transport and plastics in the ocean. Develops skills for how to deal with noisy, imperfect data. Provides instruction and practice in written and oral communication. T. Tamarin-Brodsky, J. Marshall 12.310 An Introduction to Weather Forecasting
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Prereq: Calculus I (GIR) and Physics I (GIR) Units: 1-1-4 [P/D/F]
Basic principles of synoptic meteorology and weather forecasting. Analysis of hourly weather data and numerical weather prediction models. Regular preparation of weather forecasts. T. Tamarin Brodsky 12.314[J] Ocean Chemistry Change Laboratory
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(Same subject as 5.009[J]) Prereq: Chemistry (GIR) Units: 1-3-2
Introduces marine chemistry and explores how human activity is aggressively modifying Earth's climate system. Familiarizes students with instrumentation, techniques, and concepts utilized to investigate the ocean. Through lab work, students apply general chemistry principles to marine systems and develop new understanding of specific research problems within ocean chemistry and biogeochemistry. Satisfies 3 units of Institute Laboratory credit. Staff 12.315 Atmospheric Radiation and Convection
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(Subject meets with 12.815) Prereq: 12.003 or permission of instructor Units: 3-0-9
Introduction to the physics of atmospheric radiation, remote sensing, and convection, including use of computer codes. Radiative transfer equation including emission and scattering, spectroscopy, Mie theory, and numerical solutions. Physics of dry and moist convection, including moist thermodynamics. Radiative-convective equilibrium. Students taking graduate version complete different assignments. T. Cronin 12.317 Geobiology: History of Life on Earth
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| | | 12.00-12.439 plus UROP, IND, TIP, THU | | | 12.44-12.599 plus THG | | | 12.600-12.999 | | | |
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